Syphillis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.
Primary syphilis
Secondary syphilis
Syphilis cannot be contracted through toilet seats, daily activities, hot tubs, or sharing eating utensils or clothing.
Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore on your genitals, mouth or another part of your body. If untreated, syphilis can damage your heart and brain.
Syphilis progresses in stages and can lead to serious complications or death. Having syphilis also makes you more vulnerable to HIV. When caught early, syphilis can be cured with antibiotics.
Symptoms
Syphilis develops in four stages, and symptoms vary with each stage. But the stages may overlap, and symptoms don’t always occur in the same order. You may be infected with syphilis and not notice any symptoms for years.
Primary syphilis
These signs may occur from 10 days to three months after exposure:
A small, firm, painless sore (chancre).
The sore will heal without treatment, but the syphilis infection remains. In some people, syphilis then moves to the secondary stage.
Secondary syphilis
The signs and symptoms of secondary syphilis begin two to 10 weeks after the chancre appears and may include:
Skin rash, often appearing as rough, red or reddish-brown, penny-sized sores, over any area of your body, including your palms and soles
Fever
Fatigue and a vague feeling of discomfort
Soreness and aching
Swollen lymph glands
Sore throat
Wart-like sores in the mouth or genital area
These signs and symptoms may disappear within a few weeks or repeatedly come and go for as long as a year.
Latent syphilis
If you aren’t treated for syphilis, the disease moves from the secondary to the latent (hidden) stage, when you have no symptoms. The latent stage can last for years. Signs and symptoms may never return, or the disease may progress to the tertiary (third) stage.
Tertiary or late syphilis
About 15 to 30 percent of people infected with syphilis who don’t get treatment will develop complications known as tertiary, or late, syphilis. In the late stages, the disease may damage your brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints. These problems may occur many years after the original infection.
Some of the signs and symptoms of late syphilis include:
Jerky or uncoordinated muscle movements
Paralysis
Numbness
Gradual blindness
Dementia
Congenital syphilis
If you’re pregnant, you may pass syphilis to your unborn baby. Blood containing the bacteria reaches the fetus through the placenta, the organ that nourishes the developing baby. This is known as congenital syphilis.
Most infants born with syphilis have no symptoms of the disease. Almost all develop symptoms by 3 months of age, though some children with congenital syphilis show no signs of the disease until after age 2.
Early signs and symptoms, which occur before the age of two, may include:
“Snuffles” (runny nose)
Skin sores
Rashes
Fever
Jaundice — yellow skin
Infection of the umbilical cord
Anemia
Swollen liver and spleen
If not treated right away, the baby may experience serious problems, including:
Deformities
Tooth abnormalities
Deafness
Developmental delays
Seizures
Death
What is the treatment for syphilis?
Syphilis is treated with various Antibiotics. The amount of reatment depends on the stage of syphilis the patient is in. Pregnant women with a history of allergic reaction to penicillin should undergo penicillin desensitization followed by appropriate penicillin therapy. A baby born with the disease needs daily penicillin treatment for 10 days.
What can be done to prevent the spread of syphilis?
There are number of ways to prevent the spread of syphilis:
- Limit your number of sex partners;
- Use a male or female condom;
- If you think you are infected, avoid sexual contact and visit your local STD clinic, a hospital or your doctor;
- Notify all sexual contacts immediately so they can obtain examination and treatment;
- All pregnant women should receive at least one prenatal blood test for syphilis.
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